Job Market Monitor
Gender Gap
College Education in US – The gender gap is growing
The growing gender gap in higher education – both in enrollment and graduation rates – has been a topic of conversation and debate in recent months. Young women are more likely to be enrolled in college today than young men, and among those ages 25 and older, women are more likely than men to have … Continue reading
Gender Gap in Job Displacement – Women face growing higher earnings losses
Existing research has shown that job displacement leads to large and persistent earnings losses for men, but evidence for women is scarce. In fact, there is more research on how women react to their husband’s job loss than to their own. Using a sample of more than 80,000 displaced workers extracted from German administrative data, … Continue reading
Covid and Gender Gap in US – Some workforce disparities grew
The COVID-19 recession resulted in a steep but transitory contraction in employment, with greater job losses among women than men. The recovery began in April 2020 and is not complete. As of the third quarter of 2021, the labor force ages 25 and older remains nearly 2 million below its level in the same quarter … Continue reading
Women’s STEM Careers in Infrastructure – From initial attraction, job recruitment, to retention and advancement
The report distills the findings from an extensive literature review, a global stocktaking exercise, key informant interviews, and five case studies in order to provide World Bank Group project teams with insights that they can use to support women’s STEM careers in infrastructure at each stage of their careers—from initial attraction to the sectors and … Continue reading
Gender Essential Skills Gap – Over time, men are able to catch up with women in reading proficiency and make greater use of mathematics skills
Girls’ advantage over boys in reading performance peaks during adolescence, but then disappears by early adulthood. By contrast, boys’ advantage in mathematics performance increases steadily from age 9 to 27. Boys are more likely than girls to pursue academic programmes and occupations that make greater use of mathematics skills. Over time, men are able to … Continue reading
Gender Pay Gap in Europe – Tackling low pay in health and social care
This study provides data con rming that workers in lower-skilled health and social care assistant positions earn con- siderably less than the national average wage in their country. It also shows that the higher the proportion of women in the sector, the lower the average relative income – and this applies also to skilled nurses … Continue reading
The Gender Gap in STEM – Already evident among 15-year-olds.
Across the 67 countries and economies that participated in PISA 2015, girls outperformed boys in science in 19, while boys outperformed girls in 22. In all other countries, the gender differences were not statistically significant. When the authors analysed gender gaps by looking at each student’s “relative performance” or “strength” across the three subjects (box), … Continue reading
Gender Gap in STEM – There is no gender gap in science and the definition of STEM used is an important determinant of the conclusions reached
While education levels of women have increased dramatically relative to men in recent decades, women are still greatly underrepresented in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) college programmes and occupations. Card and Payne (2017) show that, in the U.S. and Canada, the gender gap in the likelihood of graduating with a STEM‐related degree explains about … Continue reading
Gender Occupational Segregation in US – Continues to hover near 50 percent
A deeper examination of women and men’s labor market outcomes reveals another important way that gender disparities still manifest: the separation of men and women into different occupations. Women still tend to work in very different jobs than men, and occupational segregation has changed little over the last two decades, as shown in the figure … Continue reading
Gender Gap of Full-Time and Part-Time in UK – Working part-time after childbirth hold back women’s wages
Gender differences in rates of full-time and part-time paid work after childbirth are an important driver of differences in hourly wages between men and women. This is because they affect the amount and type of labour market experience that men and women build up, and this experience affects the hourly wage levels they can command. … Continue reading
Minimum Wages Impacts on Pay Gender Gap – A significant reduction in Ireland but not in UK
Women are disproportionately in low paid work compared to men so, in the absence of rationing effects on their employment, they should benefit the most from minimum wage policies. This study examines the change in the gender wage gap around the introduction of minimum wages in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Using survey data for … Continue reading
The Gender Gap in STEM – The sex differences in academic strengths and pursuit of STEM degrees rise with increases in national gender equality
The underrepresentation of girls and women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields is a continual concern for social scientists and policymakers. Using an international database on adolescent achievement in science, mathematics, and reading (N = 472,242), we showed that girls performed similarly to or better than boys in science in two of every … Continue reading
Gender Gap in Europe – Women in the EU earned on average 16% less than men in 2016
In 2016, the unadjusted gender pay gap stood at just over 16% in the European Union (EU). In other words, women earned on average 84 cents for every euro a man makes per hour. Across Member States, the gender pay gap in 2016 ranged from just over 5% in Romania and Italy, to more than … Continue reading
Gender STEM Gap in US – More college degrees overall, but earn a minority of undergraduate degrees issued in stem fields
U.S. women earn more college degrees than men overall, but earn a minority of undergraduate degrees issued in stem fields In their study of gender disparities in education and employment, Ana Maria Munoz-Boudet and Ana Revenga, two experts from the World Bank, found that gender gaps in STEM fields are common around the world. … Continue reading
Gender Diversity – Technology can promote it
BCG analyzed technology’s potential in aiding companies’ gender diversity efforts and concluded that technology can help in both short-term and long-term ways. In the short term, companies can use technology to support specific types of diversity interventions. Longer term, women who develop expertise in digital will be positioning themselves for leadership roles in the many … Continue reading
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